Oldest Synagogue in Portugal: Tomar

In 1430, the Jews of Tomar had the means to undertake the construction of the synagogue which was completed in 1460. After the expulsion of the Jews in 1496, the synagogue was converted to a prison, then used by successive owners as a hay barn. In 1920, a group of Portuguese archaeologists identified the building as a synagogue. The facade and entrance are modest and unremarkable. Upon entering, several steps lead down to the floor, which, below street level, made it possible to reduce the height of the facade. The synagogue is supported by four fine columns at the center representing Judaism’s four matriarchs: Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel and Leah. Between the columns 12 arches are connected, symbolising the 12 tribes of Israel, and in the upper corners of the worship room are two holes, corresponding to the mouthpieces of eight clay amphoras placed inverted in the masonry, creating the amplification of the sound of ritual chants. Recent excavation has revealed parts of the mikveh. Several coins from the age of King Alfonso V (1446-81) and everyday tableware have also been found. Inside the synagogue is the Abraham Zacuto Museum which has on display archaeological finds that attest to the Jewish presence in Portugal in the Middle Ages. There was an organized Jewish community in Tomar at the turn of the fourteenth century, indicated by the inscription on the tombstone of Rabbi Joseph of Tomaar, who died in Faro in 1315. This building stands today.

www.cm-tomar.pt